The Biomechanical Model for Minimum Movement Time during Running Walking and Road Cycling 07: The Joint Torque Principle

The sixth fundamental Biomechanical principle included in this model is the Joint Torque Principle.  This principle states that an increase in joint torque (TJ) is caused by an increase in a muscle force (FM) pulling on the bones that are held together at the joint and/or an increase in the moment arm (dMA) (i.e., the linear distance from the joint’s axis of rotation to the line of pull of the muscle force).  The line of pull of the muscle force is determined by connecting a line between the attachments (origin and insertion) of the muscle.

The equation for the Joint Torque Principle is given here.

A graphical representation the Joint Torque Principle is presented here.

Click on "read more" to view my description of the Real-World application of the Joint Torque Principle to real-world running.

The Biomechanical Model for Minimum Movement Time during Running Walking and Road Cycling 06: The Angular Impulse-Momentum Principle

The fifth fundamental Biomechanical principle included in this model is the Angular Impulse-Momentum Principle. This principle states that an increase in angular velocity of a body segment is caused by an increase in the joint torque (i.e., the turning effect caused by a muscle force), and/or an increase in the application time of the joint torque (i.e., the amount of time the joint torque is applied at the joint) and/or a decrease in the body component’s angular inertia (i.e., the resistance of the body component being moved to the angular motion).

The equation for the Angular Impulse – Momentum Principle is given here

Here is a graphical representation of the Angular Impulse – Momentum Principle.

Click on "read more" to view my description of the application of the Angular Impulse-Momentum Principle to real-world running.

The Biomechanical Model for Minimum Movement Time during Running Walking and Road Cycling 05: The Linear Speed - Angular Velocity Principle

The fourth fundamental Biomechanical principle included in this model is the Linear Speed - Angular Velocity Principle. This principle explains how we create joint linear speed. This principle states that an increase in joint linear speed (s) (i.e., the straight line speed) of a point on a rotating body segment is caused by an increase in the body segment’s angular velocity (ω) (i.e., the rotational speed of the body segment) and/or an increase the radius of rotation (r_rot) (i.e., the linear distance from the axis of rotation to the point of interest on the rotating body segment). For most human movement, the radius of rotation is the distance from one joint to the next joint connected by a body segment (e.g., the radius of rotation for the upper leg segment would be the distance from the knee joint to the hip joint).

Click on "read more" to view my description of the application of the Linear Speed - Angular Velocity Principle to real-world running.

I'm back!!

I finished Fall Semester and I began working on my book.  I just finished the first draft.  My teaching experiences during Fall Semester and the writing of the book led to some updates for my Biomechanical Models.  Click on the links below to see the updated Biomechanical Model for Running, Walking & Road Cycling.  In my next post, I will continue the explanation of the Biomechanical Principles used to construct this model.

Biomechanical Model for Running and Walking

Top of the Model

Speed Up Side

Slow Down Side

The Biomechanical Model for Minimum Movement Time during Running and Walking 04 - The Sum of Joint Linear Speeds Principle

The third fundamental Biomechanical Principle included in Biomechanical Model for Minimum Movement Time during Running and Walking is the Sum of Joint Linear Speeds Principle.  This principle states that the linear speed of any point on the human body is the summation of linear speeds at that point caused by individual joint angular velocities.  In general terms, any joint angular velocity will cause all points on a rotating body segment connected at the joint, and all points on any body segment attached to that rotating body segment, to move with linear speed.  A second or a third joint's angular velocity will do the same.     The linear speed of any common body segment will then be sum (addition) of the linear speeds of segment caused by each individual joint's angular velocity.

Click on "read more" to view my description of the Real-World Application of the Sum of Joint Linear Speeds principle to the Running and Walking Biomechanical Model for Minimum Movement Time.

The Biomechanical Model for Minimum Movement Time during Running and Walking 03 - The Linear Conservation of Momentum Principle

The Linear Conservation of Momentum Principle is the second fundamental Biomechanical principle included in the Biomechanical Model for Running and Walking to achieve minimum movement time.  This principle is derived from Newton’s First Law of Motion (Linear).  This principle states that to maintain a constant state of motion, any factors that would slow the body down must be balanced by factors that speed the body up.  If the factors that slow the body down exceed the factors that speed the body up, the body slows down (i.e., the state of motion changes).  If the factors that slow the body down are less than the factors that speed the body up, the body speeds up (i.e., the state of motion changes).

Click on "read more" to see a graphical representation the Linear Conservation of Momentum Principle.

The Biomechanical Model for Minimum Movement Time during Running and Walking 02 - Putting the Biomechanical Model Together

Today, I am beginning the series of posts related to how the Biomechanical Model of Running and Walking to achieve minimum movement time is put together.

The Biomechanical Model of Running and Walking is constructed using the Biomechanical Principles presented in my posts labeled "The Basics" plus a few additional Biomechanical Principles that are specific to this particular model.

The procedure for constructing the model is straight forward.  You place the most relevant Biomechanical Principle at the top of the model.  The second Biomechanical Principle overlays the first principle wherever similar boxes exist.  The remainder of the Biomechanical Principles overlay the preceding principles in a similar manner.  The order of principles will be explained as the model is constructed.  The completed model was shown in my post titled "The Biomechanics of Running and Walking 01".

Click on "read more" to learn how the model is constructed. I start with an explanation of the most relevant Biomechanical Principle for this model. 

The Biomechanical Model for Minimum Movement Time during Running and Walking 01

Today, I am starting a new category of posts on the blog: The Biomechanics of Running and Walking.  In the next few days I will also begin a category of posts related to The Biomechanics of Angular Motion.  Information related to these two new categories will be put forth simultaneously with the posts related to Jumping.

I hope that presenting the Biomechanics of three different types of motion will make it easier for everyone who is following my blog to find something interesting and valuable.  I invite you to post comments related to these three topic areas.  Enjoy.  Click on the links below to see the Biomechanical Model for Running and Walking.

Biomechanical Model for Running and Walking

Top of the Model

Speed Up Side

Slow Down Side